A preoperative scoring system for predicting the extraprostatic extension of prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy using magnetic resonance imaging and clinical factors

Purpose: We aimed to develop a preoperative prediction model for extraprostatic extension (EPE) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients following radical prostatectomy (RP) using MRI and clinical factors. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 266 consecutive patients who underwent RP for PCa in 2022. These patients were divided into a training set (n = 187) and a test set (n = 79) through random assignment. The evaluated variables included age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, PSA density (PSAD), index tumor length on MRI, Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category, and EPE-related MRI features as defined by PI-RADS v2.1. A predictive model was constructed through multivariable logistic regression and subsequently translated into a scoring system. The performance of this scoring system in terms of prediction and calibration was assessed using C statistics and the Hosmer‒Lemeshow test. Results: Among patients in the training and test cohorts, 74 (39.6%) and 25 (31.6%), respectively, exhibited EPE after RP. The formulated scoring system incorporated the following factors: PSAD, index tumor length, bulging prostatic contour, and tumor-capsule interface > 10 mm as identified on MRI. This scoring system demonstrated strong prediction performance for EPE in both the training (C statistic, 0.87 [95% confidence interval, 0.86–0.87]) and test cohorts (C statistic, 0.85 [0.83–0.89]). Furthermore, the scoring system exhibited good calibration in both cohorts (P = 0.988 and 0.402, respectively). Conclusion: Our scoring system, built upon MRI features defined by the PI-RADS, offers valuable assistance in assessing the likelihood of EPE after RP. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)