Characterization of the Bone Marrow Lymphoid Microenvironment and Discovery of Prognostic Immune-Related Factors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Given the limited comprehensive data on the bone marrow (BM) immune environment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we analyzed the distribution and phenotype of T cell subsets, including γδ T cells, and their immune checkpoint (IC) ligands on blasts. We performed multiparametric flow cytometry with BM samples taken from 89 AML patients at the time of diagnosis, remission, and relapse/refractory status after chemotherapy and 13 healthy controls (HCs) to identify immune-related risk factors. Compared to the HCs, the T cells of the AML patients exhibited exhausted features including higher TIGIT levels and similar levels of PD-1 and TIM-3. The γδ T cells were exhausted by the upregulation of TIGIT and/or TIM-3 and downregulation of NKG2D and NKp30, with different patterns in the Vδ1 and Vδ2 subtypes. A successful chemotherapeutic response partially restored the exhausted phenotypes of the T cell subsets. The simultaneous analysis of IC receptors on the T cell subsets and their ligands on blasts showed the prognostic value of a specific IC receptor–ligand pair and the feasibility of risk stratification based on their diverse patterns. Our findings clarified the BM T cell landscape in AML, unveiling the prognostic value of γδ T cells in both diagnosis and remission predictions.