Comparative Environmental Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Treatment and Aggregate Production Process by Life Cycle Assessment

This study evaluated the environmental impact of landfill, incineration, and lightweight aggregate production for sewage sludge management techniques and compared the utilization of sewage-produced lightweight aggregates with natural aggregates in terms of building material production. Two scenarios were established for the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the sludge and associated product that was carried out after sludge generation. Sludge incineration and landfill deposition includes emissions from the drying, transportation, incineration of sludge, and landfill, and the production of lightweight aggregates and natural aggregates includes transportation to manufacturing facilities, the manufacturing processes themselves, and transportation of the produced aggregates to construction sites. We calculated the amount of pollutant emissions for each process in each scenario and analyzed the environmental impact index considering the environmental impact of each pollutant using the Open LCA program. The parameters used for the environmental impact index analysis for sludge management are potential acidification, climate change, eutrophication potential, human toxicity, photochemical oxidation, and stratospheric ozone depletion. The environmental impact values of lightweight aggregates (LWA) are GWP 100 441 kg CO₂_Eq, AP 2.73 × 10⁻² kg SO_{2_}Eq, EP 4.46 × 10⁻³ kg PO₄⁻_Eq, HTP 4.15 × 10⁻² kg, 1,4-DCB_Eq, POCP 1.64 × 10⁻³ kg CH₄_Eq, and ODP 3.41 × 10⁻⁷ kg CFC-11_Eq. We found that these values were low compared to landfill and incineration as a sewage sludge disposal method and compared to natural aggregate as a construction material production method. The environmental impact index analysis during LCA of lightweight aggregates produced from the sludge verified its positive environmental impact compared to the other potential methods of sludge management.