Learning from the learners: Evaluation of augmented reality-based medication administration program for nursing skills

Background: Medication administration is a critical responsibility for nurses who must perform nursing skills competently. Augmented reality (AR) has potential as an educational tool to enhance nursing skills by offering immersive and interactive learning experiences. Aim: This study aimed to describe the development process of AR-based medication administration in a nursing skills program (MANSP) using smartphones, examine the academic self-efficacy and self-confidence in the performance of nursing skills, and explore the experience after MANSP. Design: The process consisted of two phases, development and evaluation of an AR-based MANSP. We developed the MANSP based on the stepwise model for curriculum development for clinical skills curriculum development model. In the evaluation phase, we used a mixed-methods design, employing a quantitative approach with pre- and post-tests for a randomized control group, along with thematic analysis. Methods: The program was developed focusing on five learning topics, with quantitative data involving pre- and post-tests for academic self-efficacy and self-confidence in the performance of nursing skills, and qualitative data collected via focus group interviews. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of academic self-efficacy (F = 0.88, p = .354) or self-confidence in performing nursing skills over time. In the qualitative analysis, two themes emerged from their experiences of the AR-based MANSP learning: “Value of AR in learning” and “Challenges of AR in learning”. Conclusions: While AR-based medication administration programs offer benefits in terms of accessibility and confidence building, they present several challenges, such as cognitive load and lack of content diversity. Nurse educators should develop AR-based education considering interactive resources, diverse content, and ease of access to integrate new technology-based education into the nursing curriculum successfully.