Long-term treatment with ramipril attenuates renal osteopontin expression in diabetic rats

Background. Osteopontin (OPN) mediates progressive renal injury in various renal diseases by attracting macrophages, and its expression is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We studied the association between OPN expression and tubulointerstitial injury, and investigated the effect of ramipril on OPN expression in an animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Methods. Control (Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka, LETO) and diabetic (OLETF) rats were treated with ramipril (3 mg/kg in drinking water) or vehicle for nine months, starting at 20 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure, body weight, urinary protein excretion and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were monitored periodically. Renal function, histology (glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and ED-1-positive cells as a measure of macrophage infiltration), and expressions of OPN and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were evaluated at the end of the study. Results. Compared with the LETO rats, OLETF rats showed declines in creatinine clearance rate, increases in urinary protein excretion and systolic blood pressure, and development of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration (all P < 0.05). Blocking angiotensin II with ramipril significantly improved all of these parameters (all P < 0.01). At the molecular level, expressions of OPN and TGF-β1 were up-regulated in the OLETF rats, and were markedly suppressed following ramipril treatment. The sites of strong OPN mRNA and protein expressions were localized to areas of renal injury. Of note, the expression of OPN mRNA was strongly correlated with the number of ED-1-positive cells (r = 0.560, P = 0.01) and the tubulointerstitial fibrosis score (r = 0.500, P = 0.05). Conclusions. Up-regulation of OPN expression may play a role in tubulointerstitial injury associated with diabetic nephropathy, and blockade of the RAS by ramipril may confer renoprotection by decreasing OPN expression in non-insulin-dependent diabetic nephropathy.